The poultry industry, a cornerstone of global food security, faces dynamic challenges exacerbated by viral diseases. This review traces the trajectory of poultry vaccination, evolving from traditional ...
Genetically engineered recombinant vaccines based on the existing live MD vaccines can offer simultaneous protection against other avian diseases, depending on the protective antigens engineered into ...
Clinical signs of disease and mortality Disease transmission and spread Losses in feed conversion and growth Condemnations at processing Risks to food safety and animal welfare Spray vaccination ...